(1-3) Tumors have long been known to be heterogeneous populations of cells with varying phenotypes and genotypes, proliferation rate, potential for metastasis, and drug responsiveness, yet we are only beginning to understand how these heterogeneities affect their progression. Further, it can be challenging to draw conclusions about dynamic or transient behaviors of single cells by looking at large populations. However, that average may not accurately represent the behavior of individual cells, particularly if the cells of interest are a small fraction of the population. Consequently, the data collected from tissue biopsied samples and related assays average over a multitude of cells. Finally, we demonstrated the capture of live mouse fibroblast cells in an array of grippers and individual red blood cells in untethered grippers which could be released from the substrate to illustrate the potential utility for in vivo operations.īecause of the large size of tools that are typically utilized for surgical diagnostics and biological analyses, cellular samples are often large in size. We developed and applied a finite element model to predict these folding angles. The energy required to actuate these grippers is derived from the release of residual stress in 3–27 nm thick films, did not require any wires, tethers, or batteries, and resulted in folding angles over 100° with folding radii as small as 765 nm. We describe the fabrication of arrayed or untethered single cell grippers composed of biocompatible and bioresorbable silicon monoxide and silicon dioxide. Moreover, for surgical applications in small conduits in the body such as in the cardiovascular system, there is a need for tiny tools that approach the size of the single red blood cells that traverse the blood vessels and capillaries. The checker found no problems in this document.Given the heterogeneous nature of cultures, tumors, and tissues, the ability to capture, contain, and analyze single cells is important for genomics, proteomics, diagnostics, therapeutics, and surgery.

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